Appeals court reinstates 2022 Arizona voter registration law

Arizona can now enforce a 2022 law despite critics' claims it could inadvertently make felons out of volunteers who register people to vote.

In a ruling Friday, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned an injunction issued by a federal judge in Phoenix. That judge, Murray Snow, had said SB 1260 is so poorly written that anyone reading it would not know what is and isn't legal. Snow said that made it unconstitutionally too vague to be on the books.

Snow also barred the state from implementing another part of the same law detailing when county election officials are required to cancel a voter's registration. The judge said it runs afoul of the National Voter Registration Act, which requires the person be notified before being taken off voter rolls.

But appellate Judge Kenneth Lee, writing for the majority in a 2-1 ruling, said there's a major flaw in the lawsuit and in Snow's ruling. He said the three nonprofit groups that filed the lawsuit lack legal standing because they failed to show how the provisions on voter registration harmed their "core activities.''

Lee said they did have legal standing, however, to challenge the separate provision that makes it a felony to provide a "mechanism for voting'' to someone registered in another state.

But he said the wording of the statute made it clear the only thing the 2022 law will outlaw are unlawful acts of voting. Lee said nothing in the law will make felons out of individuals and organizations for normal voter outreach or registration activities.

SB 1260, sponsored by Sen. J.D. Mesnard, R-Chandler, was one of dozens of measures proposed by GOP lawmakers in 2022 amid claims changes were needed to prevent fraud.

It includes language making it a Class 5 felony to "knowingly provide a mechanism for voting to another person who is registered in another state.'' That carries a presumptive 18-month prison term.

Mesnard said the target is anyone who would forward an early ballot addressed to someone not living in Arizona.

He acknowledged he has no first-hand knowledge of people getting early ballots from Arizona who are registered elsewhere. Instead, he said, "folks (have) come to me and insist this has happened.''

"I've not gone to investigate,'' he continued. But Mesnard said his legislation will "make it clear'' what the law requires.

In enjoining enforcement, Snow ruled the bill does not define "mechanism.''

"Thus, in the context of SB 1260, the ordinary meaning of 'mechanism for voting' could include any necessary items involved in the process of voting,'' the judge wrote in his 2022 order.

He said that is where it creates legal problems for the Arizona Alliance for Retired Americans, Voto Latino and Priorities U.S.A., the groups that challenged the law. They sign people up to vote.

For example, Snow said, a voter registration form is a "mechanism for voting'' as registration is a prerequisite to being able to cast a ballot.

"It is entirely possible that plaintiffs, in registering newly arrived residents, may be charged with knowledge that those new residents didn't cancel their previous voter registrations,'' Snow wrote.

Lee rejected that contention.

"Construed under its ordinary meaning, the phrase 'mechanism for voting' likely refers to a process, technique, or instrument for casting a vote,'' the appellate judge wrote. "That plain-meaning construction of the phrase does not include activities such as voter registration because providing a mechanism for registering to vote is different than providing a 'mechanism for voting.''

The other provision Snow blocked deals with those already registered to vote in Arizona.

It says if a county recorder receives "credible information'' that someone is registered in another county and confirms that fact, the recorder must cancel the person's registration.

Attorney Daniel Arellano, representing the groups that challenged the law, argued that creates a situation where someone who has moved could lose their registration in both the old and new counties. What's worse, he said, the person wouldn't even know.

Snow said the National Voter Registration Act spells out the ways a state can cancel someone's registration.

One is if the person directly requests to be removed from the rolls.

States also can cancel a registration if the person has confirmed in writing he or she has moved out of the registration area. Cancellation is allowed only after providing notice followed by a specified waiting period.

Lee, in writing for the appellate court, did not address those specific contentions. Instead, he said, the challengers simply lack standing to sue.

He said their basis for seeking the injunction was the provision could force them to divert resources because voters' current registrations versus old, outdated registrations might be canceled. The challengers argued that "interferes with their mission to encourage minority voter registration.''

Lee called that a "conjecture-laden theory'' and said nothing in the law affects the activities they already were doing.

"The plaintiffs can still register and educate voters — in other words, continue their core activities they have always engaged in,'' the appellate judge wrote.

Anyway, Lee said, the law is nowhere near as broad as challengers say. He said it simply says a county recorder will cancel a registration when the recorder "receives confirmation from another county recorder that the person registered has registered to vote in that other county.''

Howard Fischer is a veteran journalist who has been reporting since 1970 and covering state politics and the Legislature since 1982. Follow him on X, formerly known as Twitter, and Threads at or email .

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