Pittsburgh’s Indigenous legacy is alive and thriving

Long before Pittsburgh became the steel city, it was home to thriving Indigenous communities living along the rivers and in the forests of this region. Though much has changed over the centuries, their legacy is still alive.

This Native Heritage Month, Krisa Spangler, a Mohawk tribal member and a team member at the Council of Three Rivers American Indian Center (COTRAIC) in Dorseyville, is sharing how Pittsburgh's Indigenous culture has not only survived, but continues to evolve and stay vibrant today.

Western Pennsylvania holds a profound Indigenous legacy. Many tribes, including the Erie, Shawnee and Monongahela, once called this region home. According to Spangler, "Pennsylvania was home to several tribes over time—each with unique histories, customs and sacred ties to this land."

Over time, however, European colonization, forced displacement and changing political landscapes pushed many of these groups from their ancestral territories. The construction of Fort Pitt in the mid-1700s marked a significant and often painful era of change for Native populations in the region . "With settlers arriving, tribes adapted however they could, shifting hunting grounds and even relocating entirely," says Spangler. "And yet, many fought to maintain their presence here. It was about survival."

Despite this history, many people are unaware of the enduring impact Indigenous communities have left on the region. This legacy is preserved through stories, cultural practices and spiritual reverence for natural landmarks—especially Western Pennsylvania's rivers. "Water is life," Spangler shares. "Every waterway, every river, has meaning to Indigenous people. Water is sacred."

COTRAIC plays a central role in maintaining Indigenous culture and fostering understanding within the broader Pittsburgh community. Although Pennsylvania doesn't have reservations , COTRAIC provides a space for Native families in and around Pittsburgh to reconnect with their heritage. As Spangler explains, "Community days are a time for Native families to come together, sharing and teaching traditions. Each day we might focus on crafts, dance or other aspects of our heritage. These gatherings keep our culture alive."

The center's annual Pow Wow , now in its 45th year, is a particularly cherished event, attracting attendees from as far as Wisconsin, Canada and New York. This two-day celebration held in September is open to the public and includes Native dance competitions, craft vendors and traditional food — offering Pittsburgh residents a rare, immersive glimpse into Indigenous life. It is a powerful way for Native Americans to connect across generations.

Educating non-Native communities about Indigenous culture and history can be challenging because Native Americans are often seen as historical figures rather than contemporary communities. COTRAIC addresses these gaps with a Speakers Bureau , sending Native representatives to schools, libraries and even workplaces. Presentations cover topics from dance to Indigenous values, offering audiences the chance to engage directly with Native American perspectives. "We've been invited everywhere—from daycares to the FBI building. Our goal is to share our culture widely and dispel myths."

One of the challenges Indigenous youth face is acceptance within schools. For Native boys, wearing long hair is traditional and symbolic, yet it can often lead to bullying. COTRAIC's educational efforts address this, fostering understanding and respect. "It's not just about educating kids on culture," says Spangler. "It's about teaching love and acceptance. These issues are real for our families."

Native culture is not static—it's a living, evolving part of everyday life for Pittsburgh's "urban Natives." "We are alive," says Spangler. "We are still here. While we're more secluded in Pennsylvania, away from larger ceremonies, that doesn't mean they don't happen. Some take place with what we have, and those that can't happen here, many Native American families travel to where their tribes hold them."

Spangler encourages non-Native Pittsburghers to engage thoughtfully and respectfully with Indigenous communities. Support can mean showing up to events, learning their history or even talking to our children about Native American culture.

To continue honoring and learning about Indigenous heritage, here are some local resources and exhibits around the Western Pennsylvania region that offer deeper insights into the our area's Native history and culture:

Journey into the past at Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Avella, Pa ., — North America's oldest evidence of human habitation, dating back 19,000 years. Discover how the rock overhang sheltered prehistoric peoples and experience the traditions of the Eastern Woodland Indians in a 16th-century re-created village, where you can learn about native customs, tools and survival skills. Beyond ancient history, visit a reconstructed 19th-century village that brings to life the charm of rural Pennsylvania from 150 years ago. Meadowcroft celebrates the rich heritage of Indigenous and early settlers through interactive exhibits and seasonal tours.

Explore four distinct Native American cultures, from Tlingit to Lakota, at this comprehensive exhibit that showcases nearly 1,000 artifacts, from Hopi Katsina dolls to traditional garments. With hands-on activities like corn grinding and interactive storytelling, the exhibit is great for all ages.