‘There are images no leader ever wants to be seen’: 33 pivotal US presidential moments captured on camera

Is it any surprise that "photo op" is a phrase imported into British English from the United States? Of course it came from there, the land where the visual image sits right at the centre of the culture, with politics no exception. It was the Nixon White House that came up with it, specifically a press aide by the name of Bruce Whelihan. According to Washington legend, whenever the president was meeting a visiting dignitary, Richard Nixon's hardball press secretary, Ron Ziegler, would turn to his underling with an order to summon the snappers. "Get 'em in for a picture," Ziegler would say. Too polite to put it that way himself, Whelilan would clear his throat and announce to the ladies and gentlemen of the Washington press corps, "There will be a photo opportunity in the Oval Office.") The photo op was born.

But if the term was new, the thing itself had been a part of US politics almost from the start. Just as Roman emperors sought to cast themselves in stone and Tudor kings commissioned the finest artists to capture their likeness, so American presidents moved fast to harness the new technology of the age, in order that the nation might see the men who governed them. The selection of photographs assembled here is made up of a series of striking images, but a couple are extraordinary less for what they show than for the fact that they exist at all.

Behold a portrait of John Quincy Adams, sixth US president and the son of its second. A daguerreotype, it dates to March 1843), when Adams had been out of office for well over a decade, but still: it is the earliest known photograph of a US president, its subject a man born in 1767 and whose father was the successor to George Washington himself. Seeing the face of Abraham Lincoln induces a similar feeling of historical vertigo. If there's a tendency to divide human events into two broad categories – our own, modern era and everything that went before – then the invention of the photograph can often be the instinctive dividing line between the two. But here are Adams and Lincoln, jumping over the barrier and barging their way into our own times.

As for Nixon himself, he appears in this collection twice. That's fitting, and not only because of the origin story of the photo op. Nixon learned the hard way that in modern American politics, image is everything. Washington legend holds that in their 1960 presidential debate, Nixon comfortably beat the young Massachusetts senator John F Kennedy among voters who followed the contest on the radio – but, his face darkened by five o'clock shadow, he lost among those who watched on TV. After that, Nixon was ready to put himself in the hands of the image-makers.

One result is the intriguing photograph of the president and the king, Nixon and Elvis, standing improbably together in the White House in 1970. B,. Showing two men both then at the height of their powers, both to fall just a few years later, the picture was long the most requested of all those held by the US National Archives). It fascinates partly because the pair represent polar opposites – a rock legend and a man so uncool he wore a suit on the beach) – and partly because it invites you to guess at the men's motives: Nixon surely wanted some of Presley's stardust to land on him, while Elvis was in search of a federal agent's badge and, it seems, a sense of purpose.

The other Nixon shot is the one that etched his downfall into the public imagination. It shows his parting gesture – an oddly celebratory, double V-for-victory salute – from the presidential helicopter as he made his disgraced exit following the Watergate scandal). Nixon flew off to California and into the history books as the first US president ever to quit.

Between them, Elvis and Watergate, those pictures represent the two categories of presidential photograph: the ones they wanted – the photo ops – and the ones they most emphatically did not. The first category brims with examples and they follow a pattern. They show the occupant of the White House as a heroic, even mythic figure. The exemplar is Teddy Roosevelt on horseback, a hunter and adventurer who engaged in photogenic displays of muscularity and machismo so overt, they'd make Vladimir Putin blush. But that tradition has endured. Indeed, it has turned into an expectation that a US president must not only be competent and wise, but also fit, strong and marked by conspicuous physical courage.

Meeting that demand has been easy for some occupants of America's highest office. Dwight Eisenhower didn't have to pretend to be a warrior: he had been the supreme allied commander during the second world war. When he first campaigned for the presidency in 1952, there was no need to stage a photo op: there were images aplenty of him directing the D-day mission) that had turned the war around just eight years earlier. No wonder he won.

But for others, producing images of strength and command has taken some doing. The group portrait of Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin at Yalta ) had to have the so-called the Big Three seated because Roosevelt was paralysed from the waist down and required either a wheelchair or leg braces to get around. He and his aides went to great lengths to keep that fact from the US public and they mostly succeeded, thanks to a compliant press pack who obediently put away their cameras once the chosen image had been secured.

That remained the custom for a while, the snappers keeping a discreet distance even after Eisenhower had both a heart attack and stroke in office, and as Kennedy battled crippling back pain. The images told a different story, including the silhouetted portrait of JFK standing alone at the Resolute desk in the Oval Office, head bowed, a study in the loneliness of ultimate political authority). That photograph may lack the glamour or sparkle of other Camelot-era pictures, but it contributed to the Kennedy mystique – and the mythology of the presidency itself – every bit as much. This was the era of the cold war, of a nuclear standoff between the US and the USSR, and that desk was where the buck stopped. Here was where the button would be pressed – and here was the man who would press it.

Naturally, this iconography of president-as-hero takes different forms, depending on who's in the job. The image Jimmy Carter treasured from his single term in office cast him as successful peacemaker, bringing together Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt in the Camp David peace accords. For supporters of Donald Trump, the picture that renders him a hero is the one taken a second after a would-be assassin's bullet had brushed his ear, when he raised his fistand, with bloodied face, urged them to "Fight, fight, fight!".

Sometimes, though, the man at the top has struggled to meet that deep public need for an alpha figure in the White House. Carter's political prospects took a hit when he was photographed "wobbling, moaning and pale with exhaustion" during a six-mile run in 1979). But the most recent, and serious, example is Joe Biden , whose visible frailty drove him from this year's presidential race. The pictures showing him apparently slack-jawed during a June TV debate with Trump were enough to persuade Democrats that he had to go.

Which brings us to the images no leader ever wanted to be seen. Some were photo ops whose aim was to offer a heroic, presidential figure, which went badly wrong. Michael Dukakis's handlers wanted to project him as a potential commander-in-chief when they put him in a tank during the 1988 campaign); instead he looked like a hopeless dweeb. George W Bush's team doubtless thought a Mission Accomplished banner on an aircraft carrier conveyed victorious strength following the invasion of Iraq; instead it came to haunt him as an emblem of hubris and myopia.

But other unwanted images from this collection capture not mistaken bits of stage management, but rather tragedy and disaster. George W Bush reading My Pet Goat to a group of Florida schoolkids as he gets word of the attack on the World Trade Center in 2001 distils the shock of 9/11, even now. The lifeless body of Robert F Kennedy evokes the turbulence and violence of 1968), a time when the US seemed about to tear itself apart.

It's all here: moments of hope – Barack Obama inspiring a young boy as America's first Black president – and moments of despair – Lyndon Johnson taking the oath following JFK's assassination while Jackie Kennedy, in blood-stained clothes, looks on. And yet, no matter how sweeping the range of these photographs, there is something missing from this selection. It would be lacking in any assembly of presidential pictures. Yes, there are Democratic presidents and Republican presidents. Yes, there are old presidents and young presidents. But there is no female president. We see Hillary Clinton , who got close. We see Shirley Chisholm, who was the first Black woman to try but never got near. Otherwise, there is an absence. On 5 November, Americans have a chance to fill that space – and to give the world a picture no one has ever seen before.

Picture captions by Felix Bazalgette and Gabrielle Schwarz

Jimmy Carter collapses, 1979

"His face was ashen and his mouth hung open," is how one reporter described Jimmy Carter in September 1979, when the president dropped out of a six-mile race four miles in. Though he swiftly recovered, this image – two months after his speech blaming US problems on a "crisis of confidence" – was seen as evidence of weakness. He lost to Ronald Reagan the following year. GS

Richard Nixon bids goodbye, 1974Photographer unknown

"Once more, there was not a spark of contrition in the man," commented the Guardian at the time . On 8 August 1974, Richard Nixon earned the dubious honour of being the first (and, to this day, only) president to resign from office.

Two years earlier, five men were caught trying to burgle and bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate complex in Washington DC. The subsequent investigation implicated Nixon, who faced impeachment for his role in covering up the break-in. Yet – as seen in this image of him leaving the White House for the last time – he was never really repentant. As he told David Frost in 1977, "When the president does it, that means it is not illegal." One month after he resigned, his chosen successor, Gerald Ford, pardoned him. GS

FDR at Yalta, 1945Photographer unknown

For eight days in February 1945, the "Big Three" – Franklin D Roosevelt , Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin – met in the Crimean city of Yalta to discuss allied strategy.

"FDR's position between the other leaders is significant," Diana Preston, historian and author of Eight Days at Yalta. "It was appropriate for a man who hoped to reconcile conflicting interests and build a future peace." The conference was at first deemed a success, but the Soviet leader soon broke his promises to allow free elections in eastern Europe, and the cold war began. GS

Texts from Hillary Clinton, 2011

It was the photograph that launched a thousand memes before becoming a liability at election time. The image of Hillary Clinton texting in sunglasses aboard a military plane to Libya went viral, inspiring a popular blog called "Texts from Hillary". CBS reported at the time: "Hillary Clinton brings the LOLZ" and Clinton even name-checked the authors of the blog in her first ever tweet, proudly setting the image as her avatar.

By 2015, however, she would distance herself from it, dropping it from her Twitter profile when the FBI announced an investigation into her use of a private email address for government business. As the image became used in s about the investigation, its meaning began to shift. Many people started to wonder what Clinton might have been writing on that Blackberry. The scandal came to a catastrophic peak just 11 days before the 2016 election, when FBI director James Comey announced that he was reopening the investigation after having closed it in July. FB

Theodore Roosevelt, 1898Photographer unknown

This image of Roosevelt on a horse encapsulates the rugged masculinity the 26th president – in fact born into an aristocratic family in New York – strove to embody. Once a sickly child, he credited his recovery to exertion and hardship, and argued this approach would lead to triumph for both man and nation. Here he is in Cuba during the Spanish-American war, leading volunteer regiment the Rough Riders. Returning a war hero, he re-entered politics and became president after William McKinley's assassination in 1901. GS

Hair Like Mine, 2009

The symbolic power of the first African American president was cemented in this image of Barack Obama leaning forward so a five-year-old boy could feel his hair. On 8 May 2009, Jacob's dad, departing national security council staffer Carlton Philadelphia, took his family to the Oval Office for a farewell photo. This snap, by the then chief White House photographer Pete Souza, captures the moment Jacob asked, "Is your hair like mine?" Obama suggested he touch it and see. A framed print of the photo was hung in the White House for the rest of his presidency.

"The whole thing happened so fast, I literally have this one picture," Souza recalls. "My composition was not perfect, but I think it adds to the spontaneity of the moment."

Two years ago, Obama called Jacob to congratulate him on his high-school graduation. "Folks who maybe didn't feel they belonged," he said of the image, "they'd look at themselves differently – to see a person who looked like them in the Oval Office."

"That was a highlight of my life," Jacob said. "If I get to see another Black man at the top, I want to follow that lead." GS

Assassination attempt on Donald Trump, 2024

This photograph will be remembered as a pivotal moment in this year's election. On 13 July, a gunman opened fire at a Trump rally in Butler County in Pennsylvania. The former president was only lightly wounded when a bullet grazed his right ear but one crowd member was killed and another two critically injured before the shooter was taken down by a Secret Service sniper. This remarkable image of Trump – his ear and face bloodied, and fist defiantly raised in the air as he is hurried off the stage, an American flag raised behind him – instantly went viral. In an interview soon after, AP photojournalist Evan Vucci recalled his thoughts as he was capturing the scene: "In my head, I just kept saying to myself, slow down, slow down. Compose, compose." GS

Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg, 1863By Mathew B Brady

For almost a century, it was thought that no photographs existed of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg on 19 November, the day he delivered his endlessly quoted address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery. That is, until archivist Josephine Cobb undertook some detective work in 1952. Cobb, the first woman to be employed by the National Archives, picked through the work of the 19th-century photographer Mathew Brady, famous for his portraits of the great and good. She came upon a broken glass negative that showed a vast crowd at Gettysburg – she estimated the time to be about noon, a few hours before Lincoln would speak. After repeatedly enlarging, expanding and reprinting the image, she found his unmistakable face in the crowd (bare-headed, left of centre). FB

Ronald and Nancy Reagan kissing in Vanity Fair, 1985By Harry Benson

"There is in the West," wrote William F Buckley in 1985, "a tradition against chiefs of state engaging in visible, let alone ostentatious, shows of biological informality." Ronald and Nancy Reagan, both successful actors before going into politics, bucked tradition by using the White House as a setting for their love story. The media was happy to indulge them, with Buckley writing a fawning ode to the couple in Vanity Fair, to accompany a series of images by Harry Benson of them dancing to Sinatra and locking lips.

Reagan, a year into his final term, could risk a little biological informality – the images were probably more consequential for Vanity Fair. Benson later said that the loss-making publication was facing closure until this issue. The editor Tina Brown, he said, convinced the owner to "wait until the June 1985 cover of the Reagans appeared. The magazine sold off the stands and the magazine was saved." FB

Richard Nixon with Elvis Presley, 1970By Oliver F Atkins

One December morning in 1970, Elvis showed up at the White House with a handwritten letter for the president. He wanted to give him a gift (a Colt pistol with silver bullets) and discuss becoming a "federal agent at large": "I have done an in-depth study of drug abuse and communist brainwashing and I am right in the middle of the whole thing where I can do the most good," he wrote.

Nixon gave Presley a federal narcotics badge, but not an official role. The bizarre encounter was captured by White House photographer Oliver F Atkins, but the images weren't made public until the 1980s, after Nixon's resignation and Presley's death. GS

John F Kennedy: the loneliest job, 1961

A few weeks into his presidency, JFK stood at his desk before meeting the French ambassador, reading an official paper. Photographer George Tames, shadowing him for the New York Times, took this photograph, which became famous for its intimate portrayal of the pressures of holding office.

It was later reproduced in the opening title of US political drama The West Wing. FB

Bill Clinton hugs Monica Lewinsky, 1996

It was a moment captured by chance: a hug between Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky in the crowd at a Democratic fundraiser in Washington in October 1996. But when news of the affair between the president and the former White House intern broke in 1998, photojournalist Dirck Halstead, then senior White House photographer at Time magazine, recognised her face. After searching through his archives, he located this image in a box of transparencies. The photo ran on Time's cover that August, when Lewinsky agreed to testify before a grand jury investigating Clinton's denials of the affair.

Four months later, Clinton was impeached on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury, but he was eventually acquitted and left office after two terms in 2001 with the highest approval rating of any departing postwar president. Lewinsky, meanwhile, was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, "mainly from the ordeal of having been publicly outed and ostracised back then", the anti-bullying campaigner wrote in Vanity Fair in 2018 . "There has been at least one significant reference in the press to that unfortunate spell in our history every day for the past 20 years." GS

'Dewey defeats Truman', 1948Photographer unknown

With Harry Truman's popularity waning, a win for his Republican opponent, Thomas E Dewey, in the 1948 election seemed certain. The Chicago Daily Tribune, forced to go to press early due to a printers' strike, issued 150,000 copies of this 3 November edition – held up by a gleeful Truman en route to Washington – before it became clear its editors had backed the wrong horse. GS

Dwight D Eisenhower, 1944Photographer unknown

This image of General Dwight D Eisenhower addressing paratroopers at Greenham Common airfield on 5 June 1944, the day before they would parachute into France, became one of the most widely circulated of the war, durably linking him with D-day's success and the eventual American victory. Despite the general's authoritative pose, the soldier closest to him, Lieutenant Wallace Strobel, recalled a lighter conversation. "He asked my name and which state I was from ... He then said, 'Oh yes, Michigan, great fishing there. Been there several times and like it.'"

After the war "Ike", as he was popularly known, regularly topped polls as America's most admired man. After years of claiming that it would be inappropriate for a military leader to run for president, he finally went for it in 1952, winning 55% of the popular vote for the Republicans. FB

Harry S Truman and Lauren Bacall on the piano, 1945Photographer unknown

While playing piano for photographers during a wartime variety show in 1945, vice-president Truman was joined by 20-year-old Lauren Bacall, with the famous actor perched awkwardly above him. "I was just a kid," shrugged Bacall years later. "My press agent made me do it."

Truman had only been vice-president for a few weeks, plucked from relative obscurity by Franklin D Roosevelt. This photograph, considered risque at the time, made headlines all around the world and helped to establish his public image – even if they irritated his inner circle, including his wife, Bess. "I don't think you should play piano in public again," she said, according to Truman's grandson. The New York Times recently dubbed it a viral image before its time – it inspired so many other women to climb up on the piano that it eventually broke. FB

Shirley Chisholm's presidential bid, 1972By Don Hogan Charles

This is Shirley Chisholm – who four years earlier had become the first Black woman elected to Congress – announcing her presidential bid at the Concord Baptist Church, Brooklyn. She knew that, with its "Unbought and Unbossed" slogan, the campaign was a long shot – she was also the first woman of colour from either major party to run for president. So it was a feat that, despite racism and sexism from her own party as well as the opposition, she made it to the Democratic national convention with the support of 152 delegates – and came fourth. When Kamala Harris launched her first presidential bid in 2020, she paid tribute with campaign colours based on the red and yellow pins Chisholm's supporters wore. GS

George W Bush's Mission Accomplished moment, 2003

Dan Bartlett, George Bush's communications director at the time, would later call this photo op "one of the big regrets of my life". "It did seem premature," remembers Stephen Jaffe, the press corp photographer covering Bush's speech on the aircraft carrier that day. "The administration tried to stage everything perfectly – unfortunately it's not a perfect world."

As the eight-year occupation of Iraq spiralled and weapons of mass destruction failed to appear, the image of Bush in front of a "Mission Accomplished" banner, just six weeks into an invasion that would kill more than a quarter of a million Iraqi civilians, became a symbol of hubris.

While Bartlett says the banner referred to the mission of the USS Abraham Lincoln, returning from its tour in the Gulf – the ship's crew requested it, and he "didn't think twice"

– Jaffe is sceptical and thinks the intended meaning was plain to all on the day. "There was a lot of spin afterwards," he says. "If the mission had been accomplished, they would have taken credit for it." FB

George W Bush learns of 9/11, 2001

This captures the moment on the morning of 11 September 2001 when George Bush, taking part in a reading session at a primary school in Florida, learned that a second plane had crashed into the World Trade Center. (He'd been informed of the first plane, at the time thought to be an accident, before he entered the classroom.) When his chief of staff, Andy Card, whispered in his ear, "America is under attack," he decided not to interrupt the reading, instead waiting around seven minutes before leaving.

It would become one of the most scrutinised events of his presidency. In his scathing 2004 film Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore said, "Not knowing what to do, with no one telling him what to do, and no Secret Service rushing in to take him to safety, Mr Bush just sat there." But several people there that day have since spoken out in his defence. "It was nice he understood we were young kids and would probably have gone crazy if he had told us what had happened," former student La'Damien Smith told an interviewer in 2011. GS

Situation Room, 2011

"It's not a picture I have hanging on my wall," Pete Souza says. "It's not artistic – the lighting in that room sucked." On 1 May 2011, the chief White House photographer was called to the situation room, a network of rooms below the White House. The atmosphere immediately felt unusual. "I had been there many, many times before to cover discussions about sensitive policy decisions," Souza says. On this day, however, the decision had already been made: Souza was there to document Barack Obama and his senior team as they watched the operation to kill or capture Osama bin Laden play out in real time.

As everyone packed into a side room to watch a live feed from a drone, Souza squeezed himself in the corner. (Seated, from left to right, is then vice-president Biden, Obama, joint operations command Marshall B Webb, deputy national security adviser Denis McDonough, secretary of state Hillary Clinton and secretary of defense Robert Gates.) While the raid unfolded in Abbottabad, Pakistan, Souza took about 100 images. "It was as tense and anxious a situation as I had ever seen that whole team in," he recalls. "You could see it on their faces." He tried to focus on his composition, getting everyone in frame, and on timing his shutter clicks so as not to distract them. Later it was announced that Navy Seals had killed Bin Laden, along with his son, a courier and two of the courier's relatives.

Of nine pictures released that day, it was this one that went viral, exhaustively analysed and relentlessly memed. Souza, looking back today, believes this was because it occupied some part of the national psyche: "We had this guy that attacked our country, and it took us 10 years to find him, but we found him. It closed the chapter." FB

John Quincy Adams, 1843

Though Adams was not the first president to be photographed (an 1841 picture of William Henry Harrison is now lost), this is the oldest surviving portrait of a US president. Adams had a familiarly vexed relationship with the medium. "All hideous," he wrote in his diary, after posing for daguerreotypes in the early 1840s. "Too true to the original." This image of Adams – who served as president in the 1820s – surfaced in 2017, found by the great-great-grandson of a congressman who had received it as a gift from Adams. FB

Michael Dukakis and the tank, 1988By Michael E Samojeden

Meant to project strength, this unfortunate photo-call crystallised, for critics and voters, something mediocre and uncertain about the Democratic presidential hopeful Michael Dukakis. The Republicans used it relentlessly in attack ads.

Politicians are drawn to tanks: Churchill, Putin, Blair, Hugo Chavez, Liz Truss and Nigel Farage have all been snapped on or in one. Dukakis's efforts came only a couple of years after Thatcher's influential contribution to the genre; while she loomed out of the turret with uncanny poise, dressed in her own clothes, he seemed shrunken and overwhelmed, in a helmet that didn't belong to him.

Widely recognised as one of the most disastrous campaign photos in history, the image would haunt future presidencies. "I sat in countless meetings in which some smartass warned that a stop on the president's schedule had the makings of a 'Dukakis in the tank moment,'" recalled former Clinton aide John King to Politico. In 2013, after being handed a naval football helmet, Obama declined to try it on. "You do not put stuff on your head if you're president," he joked. FB

JFK in the motorcade, 1963Photographer unknown

"It was a watershed moment that changed America," says Fredrik Logevall, historian and biographer of John F Kennedy. "I think there's something to the notion that America lost its innocence after 22 November 1963."

More than other images from Kennedy's assassination – grainy TV coverage of the immediate aftermath, or Lyndon B Johnson being sworn in – this long lens shot of Kennedy smiling just moments before his assassination has come to signify what was lost that day. "In this photograph he's for ever frozen in our minds," Logevall says, "the picture of youthful vitality and glamour."

For Logevall, it captures an era not only less haunted by political violence – open-top motorcades, beloved by Kennedy because he could get "closer to the people", are a thing of the past – but also less riven by polarisation. "This was a conservative city," he notes, and yet "hundreds of thousands of people turned up to cheer him on".

Kennedy was on his way to deliver a speech on political extremism, with lines Logevall believes to be prescient. "America's leadership must be guided by learning and reason, or else those who confuse rhetoric with reality and the plausible with the possible will gain popular ascendancy, with their seemingly swift and simple solutions to every world problem." FB

LBJ being sworn in, 1963By Cecil W Stoughton

On 22 November 1963, shortly after the assassination of John F Kennedy, vice-president Lyndon B Johnson took the oath to become the 36th president of the US, inside a cramped compartment aboard Air Force One, on the runway of Dallas airport. Kennedy's body had been loaded on to the plane 15 minutes before, and as the compartment filled with people, White House photographer Cecil Stoughton stood on top of a sofa, crammed himself against the curved ceiling and asked everyone to step back.

When Jackie Kennedy arrived, still in her blood- stained suit, she was positioned to LBJ's left – her haunting, dazed expression lends the image its emotional force. In less than a minute, as Stoughton snapped eight pictures, the ceremony was over. As Air Force One continued on to Washington, Stoughton left the plane to ensure his film was swiftly developed and transmitted to the world's press, to authenticate the transfer of power to a new president. FB

Donald Trump mugshot, 2023By Fulton County Sheriff's Office

Even before Trump arrived at the Fulton County Sheriff's Office in Atlanta, Georgia, last August, people were anticipating the release of his mugshot, with fakes spreading around the internet. It was his fourth arrest that year, but the first time he had had a picture taken.

Mugshots are often used to shame public figures who have run-ins with the law. But for Trump, ever the self-publicist, the image became a golden opportunity, adorning mugs, T-shirts and stickers, with the mottos "Never Surrender" or "Not Guilty". Trump, not long reinstated on X by Elon Musk, tweeted the image himself, raising more than $7m in just a few days. FB

Jimmy Carter at Camp David, 1978

In September 1978, Jimmy Carter convened a secret 12-day summit with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat at Camp David. The main focus was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel after 30 years of intermittent war. The resulting accords led to Israel agreeing to withdraw from the Sinai in exchange for its first official recognition by an Arab state and an end to the state of war. A plan was also laid out for Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza, but it was never implemented.

Here Begin and Sadat are shown smiling and shaking hands at the presidential retreat in Maryland, as Carter looks on. "The picture makes it look as if the three leaders all got along very well at the summit. That was not at all the case," recalls William B Quandt, a former national security council staffer who was involved in the negotiations. "The adversaries were very hostile, and on the third day Carter decided not to have any more three-way meetings. We were not at all sure we would get an agreement until the last day."

Begin and Sadat won the Nobel Peace prize that year, while Carter was awarded it in 2002 for "his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts". While the Camp David accords are recognised as his greatest presidential achievement, they left crucial issues unresolved and, some argue, helped prevent Palestianian statehood. GS

George HW Bush in bed, 1987

This photograph, taken in 1987 for Life ­magazine, captured the then vice- president with his ­family on holiday in Maine. David Valdez – personal photographer to Bush at the time – was invited by Barbara Bush to come by the house at 6am. "I poked my head in the bedroom door and there were George and Barbara Bush in bed," he later told NPR . "Then the ­grandchildren started coming in and I took that snap, and that wound up running two full pages, and it's taken on a life of its own." The Washington Post credited the image with launching Bush's successful campaign for the presidency; Valdez became his official White House ­photographer. FB

Lyndon B Johnson watches war protests, 1968

This strikingly intimate shot shows LBJ and his family at his ranch in Texas, watching TV coverage of Vietnam war protests outside the 1968 Democratic national convention in Chicago. This level of access was remarkable: Yoichi Okamoto was the first civilian to be appointed chief photographer for the White House.

Here we can also see a turning point in LBJ's presidency. Since taking over in 1963, he had sent more than 500,000 troops to what the public increasingly saw as an unjustifiable, unwinnable war. "I know we oughtn't to be there," Johnson admitted to a colleague in 1966, "but I can't get out." He withdrew from the 1968 election, and Nixon won. GS

Calvin Coolidge as a cowboy, 1927Photographer unknown

During his tenure in the 1920s, Calvin Coolidge held the greatest number of press conferences of any president (521 over six years), delivered the first State of the Union address on the radio and was the first to appear in a sound film. The media-savvy president appeared in photos dressed up in workers' overalls, pitching hay and – as here – wearing a cowboy's chaps and hat, on a trip to South Dakota. This image caused a stir: while the New York Times claimed "Coolidge as Cowboy Wins West's Heart", others called him "a pitiful puppet of publicity", the first president to make himself a laughing stock. He would not be the last. FB

Bill Clinton on Arsenio Hall, 1992

This may well be what clinched the 1992 election for Bill Clinton. In June, weeks before accepting the Democratic presidential nomination, he appeared on Arsenio Hall's late-night talkshow and played Heartbreak Hotel on the saxophone. It was a bold move at the time and the image of a cool, confident Clinton on stage with his sax and dark shades is credited with helping him secure the youth vote especially. "It's nice to see a Democrat blow something besides the election," Hall quipped on the show. The success of the appearance, the Los Angeles Times wrote , "changed presidential politics – turning pop culture's hippest TV shows into the contemporary equivalent of campaign whistle-stops". GS

Lyndon B Johnson with Martin Luther King Jr, 1965Photographer unknown

"I want to tell you how grateful I am," Johnson told King on the phone, after becoming president in 1963, "and how worthy I'm going to try to be of all your hopes." The cautious collaboration between the two reached its peak on 6 August 1965, with the signing of the Voting Rights Act, which prohibited racial discrimination in voting. Johnson is pictured that day, reaching out to pass a smiling King the pen used to sign the act, as Rosa Parks looks on.

How strong this much mythologised moment of unity really was has remained the subject of fierce debate. Mutual distrust haunted their interactions and King faced relentless pressure from J Edgar Hoover's FBI, with Johnson's knowledge. King split with the government over Vietnam, and today, voting rights have been rolled back. FB

Ronald Reagan at the Berlin Wall, 1987

On 12 June 1987, Ronald Reagan delivered probably the most famous sentence of his presidency: "Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" He was standing in front of the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate – the same spot where JFK had given his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech 24 years earlier. It was a risky move: the previous day, thousands had gathered to protest against his visit. Even his own advisers had been unsure whether the public address to the Soviet leader was too provocative. But the fall of the Wall two years later, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, seemed to vindicate the decision – though there is debate over whether its importance has been overplayed. Over time, Gorbachev and Reagan, both keen to end the cold war, formed a productive alliance. GS

Joe Biden at the debate, 2024

"I've done 31 debates since I've been at Getty," says photographer Justin Sullivan, "and I've never seen anything like that." The Biden-Trump debate of June 2024 had felt unusual even before it started: press were allowed in only moments before it began and the room was eerily empty. As a "pale and very unstable" Biden gave "incoherent" answers, Sullivan focused on the "strange facial expressions" that damned him as much as his nonsensical responses did. Within weeks, he'd dropped out of the race.

"It was a sad ending to a strong presidency that history will look upon more favourably," says David Smith, the Guardian's Washington bureau chief. "He inherited four major crises – the pandemic, the economy, racial justice and climate – and made significant progress on all of them." FB

Robert F Kennedy's assassination, 1968

On 5 June 1968, Robert F Kennedy was in the ballroom of the Ambassador hotel in Los Angeles, giving a victory speech after winning the Democratic California presidential primary – he was shaping up to be the nominee to run against Richard Nixon in the general election. As he exited through the hotel kitchen after midnight, shaking hands with staff, shots rang out. In this photograph by Life magazine photographer Bill Eppridge, Kennedy lies on the floor while a busboy, Juan Romero, crouches down to comfort him. Kennedy died the next day. The gunman was Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian-Jordanian man who said he felt betrayed by Kennedy's support for Israel in the six-day war.

Letters addressed to "the busboy" soon arrived at the hotel. "One even went so far as to say that if he hadn't stopped to shake my hand, the senator would be alive, so I should be ashamed of myself for being so selfish," Romero told NPR in 2018. "It's been a long 50 years." He visited Kennedy's grave in 2010, buying his first suit for the occasion.

Alternative accounts of the assassination have since emerged. His son, Robert F Kennedy Jr – a conspiracy theorist who recently suspended his own presidential campaign – is among those who believe there was a second gunman . GS